RAJASTHAN STATE ARCHIVES LIBRARY

vfHkys[kkxkj iqLrdky; ds lzksr ,oa egÙo

lqjsUnz dqekj jktiqjksfgr

iqLrdky;k/;{k

jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj

chdkusj

      jktLFkku dh HkwriwoZ fj;klrksa ds ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd  ,oa iz'kklfud egRo ds vfHkys[kksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds mn~ns'; ls lu~ 1955 esa jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;ksa rks bl iqLrdky; dk izknqHkkZo vfHkys[kkxkj ds mn; ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZ esa gh gks x;k FkkA ij ml dk okLrfod :i fj;klrksa ds vfHkys[k dk;kZy;ksa ds ,dhdj.k ds ckn gh lkeus vk;k gSA lu~ 1960 ds vfHkys[k&,dhdj.k vfHk;ku esa u dsoy vfHkys[kksa dks gh ,d LFkku ij ,d= fd;k x;k] vfirq mu HkaMkjksa dh eqfnzr lkexzh Hkh laxzghr dj yh xbZA ml eqfnzr lkexzh us ,d eq'r iqLrdky; dk o`gRdk; :i bl foHkkx ds eq[;ky; chdkusj esa /kkj.k dj fy;kA

      vfHkys[kkxkj ds 'kks/k txr ls vVwV laca/k dks ns[kdj 'kks/k v/;srkvksa dh lanHkZ lsok ds fy, izkphu xzaFkksa dk gh ugha vfirq uohu xzaFkksa dh vko';drk iwfr± ds fy, izcU/kksa dk] uohu lanFkZ xzUFkksa dk Hkh iqLrdky; esa leko'k fd;k x;kA bl izdkj ;g iqLrdky; lkekU; iqLrdky;ksa dh dksfV dk u gksdj fof'k"V izdkj dh Js.kh dk gSA bldh izd`fr ,d vksj rks xtV] ctV] fjiksVZ] iz'kklu o`r] fj;klrksa ds fu;e vkSj ,DV tSlh Jsf.k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds ukrs vfHkys[kh; gSA rks nwljh vksj uwru 'kks/k izcU/kksa ,oa vU; xzaFkksa ds ifjizs{; esa lanHkZ&lsok dh gks tkrh gSaA ;gh bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA iw.kZr;k lanHkZ iqLrdky; gksus ds dkj.k iqLrdsa bl foHkkx ds 'kks/k d{k rd gh miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSaA

      bl iqLrdky; esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh iqLrdksa ds yxHkx pksrhl gtkj 'kh"kZd miyC/k gSaA tks lexz :i esa yxHkx vLlh gtkj dh la[;k rd igqaprsa gSA vfrfjDr izfr;ksa dks iqLrdky; esa LFkkukHkko ds dkj.k vU;= d{kksa esa j[kk gqvk gSaA iqLrdky; d{k esa iqLrdks dks vk/kqfud oxhZdj.k ,oa lwphdj.k i)fr ls j[kk tkrk gSaA iqLrdsa fo"k;kuqlkj [kqys vklkuh ls igqqapus yk;d ikfy'k fd;s gq, yksgs ds vk/kqfud jSDl esa fLFkr gSA eqnz.k O;oLFkk ds izknqHkkZo ds le; dh yhFkks fizfVax iqLrdsa Hkh bl iqLrdky; esa miyC/k gSa tks ydM+h ij v{kjksa dh [kqnkbZ dj dkxt ij Nkih gqbZ gSaA

foHkkx dh uhfr vuqlkj iqLrdksa dh iw.kZ j{kk dh tkrh gSA tks iqLrds vR;f/kd th.k&'kh.kZ ,oa nqyZHk gksrh gSa mudh ekbØksfQYe ;k ekbØksfQl fd;k tkrk jgk gSA bUgsa i<+us ds fy, foHkkx esa jhMj miyC/k gSA ;kstukuqlkj vko';d iqLrdksa dh Ldsfuax gks pqdh gSaA Ldsu iqLrdksa dks vfŸkf'k?kz vku&ykbZu djus dh ;kstuk Lohd`r gks pqdh gSaA th.k&'kh.kZ iqLrkdksa dk ifjj{k.k ,oa izfr laLdkj gsrq foHkkx esa ejEer ,oa ftYncanh lqfo/kk miyC/k gSaA le;&le; ij iqLrdksa esa nhed ,oa vU; dhM+s iSnk u gks muds fy, jlk;fud inkFkksZ dk fNM+dko Hkh fd;k trk gSA 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dh lqfo/kk gsrq iqLrdksa dh fo"k;kuqlkj oxhZd`r lwfp;ka cuh gqbZ gSA 'kks/kdrkZ mlesa ls ns[kdj okafNr iqLrd dk ekax&i= iqLrdky; dks Hkst nsrk gSA bl foHkkx esa vkus okys izR;sd ikBd dh U;wure ;ksX;rk Lukrdksrj fMxzh fu/kkZfjr gS tks vius bfrgkl ds fo"k; ij ,e- fQy vFkok ih&,p-Mh- ¼MkWDVj½ gsrq 'kks/k dk;Z djrk gS] ftls fdlh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk iathd`r gksus ij gh izos'k fn;k tkrk gSA bl voLFkk es iqLrkdy; dfeZ;ksa dk ;ksX; ,oa dq'ky gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA foHkkx esa vkus okys 'kks/kkFkhZ ewyr% fjdkMZ fljht gsrq vkrs gSaA exj iqLrdky; esa Hkh fj;klrdkyhu L=ksr vPNh lkexzh miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k 'kks/kFkhZ vius 'kks/k dk;Z dh yxHkx pkyhl izfr'kr lkexzh iqLrdky; ls ysrs gSA

iqLrdsa fo"k;kuqlkj ckou 'kh"kZdksa esa foHkDr dh gqbZ gSaA lwpukRed n`f"V ls fuEufyf[kr 'kks/k txr esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA ftudh laf{kIr tkudkjh bl izdkj gS&

bfrgkl %

jktLFkku dh iwoZ fj;klrksa ij xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] fo'kEHkj ukFk jsÅ] txnh'k flag xgyksr ds vfrfjDr vk/kqfud ys[kdksa dh iqLrdksa dk Hkh laxzg fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa jktiwrkusa ds bfrgkl dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA jktiwr jktk eqxy dky esa eulcnkj jgs gSA bl dkj.k Hkh eqxy dky ds vH;;u ds fy, jktiqruk ds bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds fy, bfrgkl dh vko';drk ds vuq:i tgk bl vfHkys[kkxkj es vfHkys[k J`a[kyk, foiqy ek=k es miyC/k gksrh gSA fcfV'k dky es Hkh jktiqrkuk dk bfrgkl esa ;ksxnku jgk gSSA bl dkj.k jktLFkku essa ckgj ls vkus okys 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krsa gq, vPNs 'kks/k xzUFkksa dk Ø; fd;k tkrk gSA fczfV'k dkyhu bfrgkl dh iqLrdsa Hkh miyC/k gSaA ftUkesa lu~1907 esa n VkbEl yanu ls 25 [k.Mksa esa izdkf'kr ^^fgLVksfj;u fgLVªh vkWQ n oYMZ**] tsEl foylu dh 9 [k.Mksa esa ^^nW fgLVªh vkWQ fczfV'k bf.M;k** lsM'kZu dh 6 [k.Mksa esa ^^nW fczfV'k ,Eiklj ,V gkse ,.M&,cksMZ** 1927 esa ykyw HkkbZ Hkhe HkkbZ dh izdkf'kr ^^pkSgku dqy dYinzqe** LVsuys fjM dh ^^nW fdax ,.M D;wu bu bf.M;k 1911&12**] MsfoM okYdj dh ^^nW fizUl bu bf.M;k 1921&22** esylu dh nW usfVo LVsVl vkWQ bf.M;k] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izdkf'kr ^^phQ ,.M yhfMax QSesfyt bu jktiwrkuk** ds lu~1894] 1903] 1912] 1916 ds lLadj.k miyC/k gS blds vfrfjDr tsEl VkM] iUuhdj] eqa'kh nsoh izlkn] tokyk lgk;] etwenkj o tnwukFk ljdkj vkfn dbZ fo}ku vk/kqfud bfrgkldkjksa ds izdk'ku ;gka miyC/k gSA

tux.kuk % 

;gka lu~ 1891 ls 1951 rd dh Hkkjr tux.kuk fjiksVZ miyC/k gSA bl fo"k; esa iwoZ fj;klrksa }kjk dh xbZ tux.kuk fjiksVZ Hkh miyC/k gSaaA ejnqe'kqekjh jkt ekjokM+ lu~ 1891 ds rhljs fgLlsa esa ekjokM+ dh tkfr;ksa dk bfrgkl miyC/k gksrk gSaA tks tkfr;ksa ds bfrgkl ij izFke izdkf'kr iqLrd gSA

iz'kklfud izfrosnu %

bl fo"k; esa yxHkx jktLFkku dh esokM+ fj;klr dks NksM+dj leLr fj;klrksa ds iz'kkfud izfrosnu lu~ 1891 ls 1947 rd ds miyC/k gSA ftuesa dqN fj;klrksa dh chp&chp esa [kf.Mr J`a[kyk,a Hkh gSaA bu izfrosnuksa ls izfro"kZ dk ?kVukØe] jktuSfrd]jktLo] Hkwfe&cUnkscLr] vdky&jkgr] fj;klr ds 'kkldksa dh ;k=k] vU; egsekuksa ds fj;klr esa vkus okyks dk fooj.k] ml o"kZ iqjLd`r@ mikf/k]ikuh&fctyh]lapkj ds lk/ku]Mkd&rkj]f'k{kk] LokLF;] U;k; ,oa fuekZ.k dk;ksaZ dh Hkh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSaA vUr esa ctV o ys[kk fooj.k izdkf'kr gksrk FkkA [kf.Mr J`[kayk esa fuEufyf[kr LVsV ds iz'kklfud izfrosnu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ks ds fy, cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA chdkusj 1898&99 ls 1945&47] vtesj esjokM+k 1883&84 ls 1934&35] vdkydksV    1938 ls 1944] vyhjktiqj 1923&24 ls 1934&35] vyoj 1894 ls 1945&46] Hkkoyiqj 1908&09 ls 1944&45] ckalnk 1940&41 ls 1944&45] ckl¡okM+k 1905 ls 1944&45 cuksbZ 1903&04 ls 1922&23] cM+kSnk 1908&09 ls 1945&46 ckjokuh 1902&03 ls 1918&19 ckalksnk 1906&07 ls 1908&09 ckalksnk ¼gSnjx<+½ 1912&13 ls 1922&23 cukjl 1914&15 ls 1944&45 cjkj 1906&07 ls 1908&09 Hkjriqj 1895&96 ls 1944&45 Hkkouxj 1905&06 ls 1945&45 Hkksiky 1903&04 ls 1938&39 Hkksj 1938&39 fctkoj 1911&12 cEcbZ 1909&10 o 1939&40 cwUnh 1901&02 ls 1945&46 pkack 1911&12 ls 1913&14 pj[kjh 1909&10 ls 1941&42 Nrjiqj 1910&11 ls 1943&44 dkSphu 1919&20 ls 1945&46 nrh;k 1907&08 ls 1917&18 nkark 1937&38 nsokl ¼lhfu;j½ 1902&03 ls 1912&13 nsokl ¼tqfu;j½ 1903&04 ls 1944&45 /kkj 1902&03 ls 1944&45 /kkSyiqj 1901 ls 1942&43 /kkjx<+ 1916 ls 1945&46 Mwxajiqj 1907 ls 1944&45 QjhndksV 1910&11 ls 1915&16 xkSUny 1912&13 ls 1938&39 Xokyh;j 1903&04 ls 1942&43 gksYdj 1910&20 ls 1945 bZMj 1926&27 ls 1944&45 bankSj 1902&03 ls 1913 t;iqj 1926&28 ls 1947&48 tSlyesj 1925&26 ls 1941&42 tEew&d'ehj 1911&12 ls 1945&46 tkSjk 1910&11 ls 1945&46 tklks tkxhj 1909&10 ls 1912&13 tkWV 1937&38 ls 1940&41 tokgj LVsV 1921&22 ls 1945&46 >kykokM+ 1891&92 ls 1939&40 ekjokM+ ¼tks/kiqj½ 1883&84 ls 1945&46 diwjFkYyk 1912&13 ls 1944&45 djkSyh 1894&95 ls 1944&45 [kSjiqj 1929 ls 1944 fdyphiqj 1904&05 ls 1944&45 fd'kux<+ 1905&06 ls 1941&43 dksykiqj 1922&23 ls 1943&44 dksVk 1904&05 ls 1940&41 dqjobZ 1904&05 ls 1925&26 dPN 1944&45 ywxkglh tkxhj 1903&04 ls 1908&09 ywukokjk 1912&13 ls 1945 edlqnx<+ 1905 ls 1907&08 eUMh 1920&21 ls 1941&42 ebgkj 1916&43 e;wjHkat 1937&38 ls 1945&46 ehjkt twfu;j 1930&31 ls 1940&41 eksgEenx<+ 1906&07 ls 1918&19 eqnYy 1943&44 ls 1944&45 eSlwj 1869&70 ls 1945&46 ukxksMk 1904&05 ls 1927&28 ujflagx<+ 1904&05 ls 1944&45 uokuxj 1932&33 ls 1943&44 vkSjNk 1904&05 ls 1912&13 ikyuiqj 1911&12 ls 1943&44] ikyhrku 1936&37 ls 1939&40] ikuk 1910&11 ls 1939&40] nsox<+ ¼izrkix<+½ 1903&04 ls 1943&44 iBkjh 1906&07 ls 1918&19 ifV;kyk 1920&21] 1938&39 ls 1939&40 iVuk 1936&37 ls 1945&1946 ikyVk 1936&37 ls 1942&43 iksjca/kj 1934&35 ls 1941&44 iwnwdksVh 1911&12 ls 1946&47 itkac 1904&05 ,oa 1922&23] 1926&27 jktx<+ 1904&05 ls 1942&43 jktdksV 1925&26 ls 1940&41 jktihiyk 1917&18 ls 1932 jkeiqj LVsV 1940&41 ls 1942&43 jrykeA

,sU;wvy jftLVj %

yanu ls izdkf'kr ,sU;wvy jftLVj esa nqfu;k dh leLr lalnks esa gqbZ xfrfof/k;kas ds lkFk gh le; le; ij ,d nwljs ns'kksa ds chp gq, ;q) dk fooj.k Hkh vke turk ds fy, izdkf'kr gksrk FkkA bldk izdk'ku 1869 esa 'kq: gqvkA vfHkysxkj esa ;s 1916 o 1920 ds miyC/k gSA blds vfrfjDr fe=k ,sU;wvy jftLVj lu~ 1922 ls 1947 td gSA ftlesa Hkkjr dh izeq[k ?kVukvkssa dk frfFk Øe ls o.kZu fn;k gqvk gSaA blds lkFk&lkFk jktuSfrd] f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh Hkh miyC/k gksrh gSaA dgh&dgha dqN vkUnksyu] Hkk"k.k ,oa ljdkj }kjk fn;s x;s izfrosnu fo/ks;d]lEesyu]lHkk,]vf/kos'ku ,ao izLrko ds lkFk&lkFk vaxzst 'kkldks ds Hkkjr esa Hkze.k vkfn dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSaA

fo/kkulHkk %

bl 'kh"kZd esa ysftlysfVo vlsEcyh fMcsV lu~ 1932 ls 1943 rd ,oa dqN dkmafly vkWQ LVsV fMcsV cEcbZ ysftlysfVo vlsEcyh dkWafly ds vykok vklke] mŸkj izns'k] vtesj o jktiwrkuk jkT;ksa ds dqN fo/kku ,ao fuokZpu fu;ekoyh ,oa le;&le; ij gqbZ lhHkkvksa dh ftYnsa Hkh izkIr gSaA bu ftYnksa esa fo/kkulHkk esa mBk;s x;s iz'u ,oa mrj o fo/kkulHkk esa cuk;s x;s fofHkUu fo/kkuksa ij dh xbZ ppkZ vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA orZeku jktLFkku ljdkj dh fo/kkulHkk }kjk izsf"kr izdkf'kr fofHkUu izfrosnu bl 'kh"kZd esa LFkkfir fd;s tkrsa gSaA

pSEcj vkWQ fizUl % 

ekaVsxw&psElQksMZ lq/kkjksa dks Hkkjr esa dk;Z:i ykus esa lezkV tktZ iape~ us vius pkpk M~;wd vkWo~ dukV dks Hkkjr Hkstk FkkA mUgksaus Hkkjr esa vkdj 8 Qjojh] 1921 dks fnYyh ds Ykky fdys esa njckj vke uked gky esa mifLFkr gksdj njckj fd;k vkSj Hkkjrh; ujs'kksa dks lkezkT; dk Hkkxhnkj cukus ds fy, ujsUnz e.My dh LFkkiuk dhA bl 'kh"kZd esa le;&le; ij gq, ujsUnz e.My ds izLrko] fjiksVZ ,oa vU; iqLrdsa miyC/k gksrh gSaA

jkmUM Vscy dkUÝsUl %

lkbeu deh'ku ,oa cVyj desVh ls Hkh tc vaxzsth vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; leL;kvksa dk lek/kku u gqvk rks ^^xksy est lHkk** esa ns'kh jkT;ksa ,oa fczfV'k ljdkj ds chp ikjLifjd lEcU/k dSlk gksuk pkfg,] fo"k; ij leqfpr izdk'k Mkyk x;kA ;s lHkk,a rhu ckj lu~ 1930 ls 1932 rd gqbZA bu lHkkvksa ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu [k.Mksa esa fjiksZV ,oa iqLrdsa miyC/k gksrh gSA

funsZf'kdk ¼MkbjsDVjh½ %

izR;sd laHknZ iqLrdkuy; esa MkbjsDVjh dk gksuk vko'k;d gSA buesa uke/kke] O;olk; jkT;ksa dh leLr fofo/k tkudkjh o`gn iqLrd ds :i esa gksrh gSA ÞFkSdlZÞ b.M;u MkbjsDVjh  fofHkUu fj;klrska dh Hkh MkbjsDVjh ls vfrfjDr gS tks lu~ 1910 ls 1947&48 ds chp dqN o"kZ miyC/k gsSA

fMDlujh ¼'kCndks'k½ %

'kksf/kZfFk;ksa vkSj foHkkx esa ewy vfHkys[kksa ls fooj.kkRed lwfp;k cukusa ds fy, vfHkys[kksa ls izkIr 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k vFkok mi;qDr 'kCnkoyh ds fy, 'kCndks'kks dk lxzg Hkh miyC/k gsSA ftlesa lhrkjke ykyl dk jktLFkkuh 'kCndks'k nks Hkkxksa es ,oe~ lkr Hkkxksa esa miyC/k gSA foYlu dh jsO;U;q VeZl Xyksljh] gksclu tksclu dk 'kCndks'k mnqZ] Qkjlh]:lh]vxszth]fgUnh ds vfrfjDr 'kCn jRu dks'k] oLrq jRu dks'k] mDfr jRukdj] 'kqn/kk 'kqn/k i=e] 'kCnkFkZ fprk ef.k] mnqZ nSoukxjh 'kCn izdk'k]fMxy dks'kksa vkfn dk lxzg gSA

bUlkbDyksihfM;k %

;g Hkh lanHkZ iqLrdky; dk egRoiw.kZ Vwy gSA gj 'kgj dh O;k[;k ds lkFk leLr tkudkjh feyrh gSaaA vfHkys[kkxkj esa yanu ls izdkf'kr bu lkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk dk 10 oka o 11 ok laLdj.k lu~ 1910&11 esa izdkf'kr ds 28 Hkkxksa esa rFkk yanu ls gh izdkf'kr ,ojh eSu bUlkbDyksihfM;k ds 12 Hkkx lu~ 1931&32 esa izdkf'kr bUlkbDyksihf;k 15 Hkkxksa esa gSaA

fyaxfofLVd losZ vkWQ bf.M;k %

;g iqLrd 11 ftYnksa esa gSA ¼ftuesa ls dqN dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSaA½ lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ,oa cksfy;ksa dk mnkgj.k ,d mudk O;kdj.k Hkh bu ftYnksa esa miyC/k gSaA blds ys[kd fxz;lZu] tktZ vczzkge ,d Hkk"kk &oSKkfud ,oa bfrgklK :i esa ;s izfl) gSA 33 o"kksaZ rd i;kZIr ifjJe dj vla[; O;fDrlksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir djds Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa ds fo"k; esa Hkjld izkekf.kd vkWdM+s vkSj fooj.k ,d= fd;saA bldk fooj.kkRed Hkkx nks fgLlksa esa foHkDr gSA igys dk 'kh"kZd Hkwfedk gS vkSj blesa mu lHkh iwoZ iz;Ruksa dk fooj.k izLrqr gSa] tks Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvksa ds v/;;u ds lEca/k esa fd;s x;s FksA nwljs Hkkx esa losZ{k.k ds ifj.kkeksa rFkk muls izkIr f'k{kkvksa ij n`f"Vikr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSaA bu nks [k.Mksa ds vfrfjDr bl losZ{k.k esa nks vU; laxzg Hkh gS ftuesa leLr losZ{k.k ds fy, c`gr ;ksx ,oa y?kq ;ksx rFkk 'kks/kuh; lkexzh gSaA vUr esa rhu ifjf'k"V Hkh tksM+s x;s gSA buesa Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk"kvksa dh oxhZd`r lwph] mu Hkk"kkvksa dh lwph] ftuds xzkeksQksu fjdkMZ bl ns'k esa rFkk isfjl esa miyC/k gS rFkk lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds uke gSA Hkk"kk losZ{k.k uked ;g xzUFk lkfgR;] Hkk"kk rFkk mlds bfrgkl ds fy, ,d vuqie lUnHkZ xzaFk gS o bls 1894 ls izkjWEHk dj 1927 bZ- esa iwjk fd;kA blds uksosa Hkkx ds nwljs [k.M esa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk fyfi dk iwjk Kku feyrk gSa ftlds ek/;e ls 'kks/kkFkhZ dks iqjkuh fyfi dk Kku gksrk gSaA tSls i`"B 131 ls 139 chdkusj LVsV dh chdkusjh Hkk"kk fyfi nh gqbZ ftldks fxz;lZu us vxzsath ,oa fgUnh esa :ikUrj.k fd;k gSA

;q) lsuk ,oa j{kk %

bfEifj;y lfoZl VwiZ] okj desVh ,oa vU; ;q)  ls lacaf/kr] fuekoyh] fofHkUu o tuZy vkfnA

bUMLVhª ,oa yscj %

,suwvy LVsVesUV vkWQ nW 'kh&cksuZ VsªM vkQ fczfV'k bf.M;k 1918&19 ls 1939&40] 'kh cksuZ VsªM ,.M usohxzs'ku vkQ fczfV'k bf.M;k 1918&1926 ],dkmUV fjysfVax Vw n buys.M ¼jsy ,.M fjoj cksuZ½ VsªM vkQ bf.M;k 1934 ls 1940] ekfld fjiksZV dkWVu] lqxj] ekbZfux] bUMªfLVªt] fofHkUu&desVh fjiksVZ] vkfnA

LFkkfu; izk'klu %

fj;klr dkyhu iapk;r ,oa xzke iapk;r] dkWijsfVo lkslk;Vh ,oa E;wfufliYVh ds fu;e dh fjiksVZ] ,DV] lHkk,] izLrko vkfn miyC/k gSaA

flfoy ,.M vkehZ fyLV %

fj;klrdky esaa fofHkUu foHkkxksa ,oa lsuk esa dk;Z djus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lwfp;ka Hkh ;gka miyC/k gSa ftuesa jktiwrkuk ,.M vtesj fyLV] jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh fyLV dEckbUM flfoy fyLV vkWQ bf.M;k] t;iqj] chdkusj] tks/kiqj] DokVjyh fyLV vkWQ n QksfjXu ,.M iksyhfVdy fMikVZesUV] b.M;u LVsV QkslZ vkehZ rFkk dqN fj;klrksa dh 1947 ls iwoZ dh flfoy fyLV Hkh ;gka miyC/k gSaA

jkti= %

jktLFkku dh iwoZ fj;klrksa ds vyx&vyx jkti= [kf.Mr J`[kayk esa ;gak miyC/k gSaA Hkkjr jkti= lu~ 1908 ls 1960 rd miyC/k gSaA cgqr de ek=k  esa eRL;] tSlyesj] ikfdLrku ds Hkh jkti= miyC/k gSaA t;iqj 1924 ls 1948] cwanh 1929 ls 1948]mŸkj izns'k1939 ls 1955]vyoj 1912 ls 1944] tks/kiqj 1906 ls 1948]Hkjriqj 1914 ls 1948]fljksgh 1939 ls 1946 >kykokM+ 1932 ls 1948] mn;iqj 1936 ls 1948]'kkgiqjk 1946 ls 1948 rd rFkk jktLFkku jkti= lu~ 1949 ls yxkrkj dqN ekg ds vykok leLr miyC/k gSaA

d`f"k %

bl fo"k; esa i'kqikyu] taxy  ,oa d`f"k ls lEcfU/kr iqLrdsa gSaA ns'kh jkT;ksa ds txay ,DV]d`f"k ;s lEacf/kr bfjxs'ku fjiksZV]Qlyksa ds jksxksa dh jksdFkke ds izi=]'kqxj desVh fjiksZV],DV]esuwvy tuZy vkaQ ,xzhdYpj lkbZal] b.M;u QkfeZx] ,xzhdYpj ,.M ykbo LVksd bu bf.M;k]fjO;w vku n QksjsLV ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku fjiksVZ vkQ n ekjokM LVsV] bfjXks'ku fjiksVZ],xzhdYpj LVsfVDl vkQ bf.M;k fofHkUu izdkj dh Qlyksa dh O;kikfjd fjiksZV] ,xzhdYpj LVsfVDl vkWQ bf.M;k fjiksZV lu~ 1918 ls 1940 rd ,oa jks;y deh'ku vkWu ,xzhdYpj bu bf.M;k ds okY;we ds vfrfjDr d`f"k ,oa i'kqikyu ls lEcfU/kr tuZy Hkh bl 'kh"kZd esa miyC/k gSaA

f'k{kk %

Hkkjr ,oa jktiwrkus dh fj;klrksa ls lEcfU/kr f'k{kk ds fo/kku] fu;e] ,DV  ,oa fofHkUu f'k{kk lfefr;ksa dh fjiksZVs gSA es;ks dkWyst vtesj dh lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ dh lkykuk fjiksZV Hkh miyC/k gSA

jktuSfrd iz'kkfud izfrosnu %

jktiwrkuk] lSUVªy bf.M;k]cywfpLrku]dh iWakyhfVdy ,MfefuLVªs'ku fjiksVZ rFkk dksVk] /kksyiwj ] vyoj] 'kkgiqjk] esokMa]t;iqj] ekjokMa] gkMkSrh] bLVZu LVsV] lqtkux<a]fljksgh] ,tsUlh fjiksVZ] iWkfyfVdy ,tsUV }kjk ,tsUV xouZj tujy jktiwrkuk dks fjiksVZ Hksth tkrh FkhA mldksa ,d okf"kZd jktuSfrd iz'kklfud izfrosnu rS;kj djdsa LSkDVªjh Hkkjr ljdkj dksa Hksth tkrh FkhSA ;gkW ij [kf.Mr o"kksZ esa 1867&68 lsa 1903&04 rd jktiqrkuk ,oa 1869&70 lsa 1900&1901 rd lsUVZy bf.M;k dh jktuSfrd iz'kklfud izfrosanu miyC/k gksaRksa gSA

ifj"knkfn %

fofHkUu  lEesayu] vf/kos'ku dh fjiksVZ] ok;ljk; vkfn dsa Hkze.k lksalk;Vh] lkykuk tujy desaVh okyVjd`r jktiwr fgrdkj.kh lHkk fjiksVZ] tehnkj fgrdkj.kh lHkk] esokMa lsUVy ,Mokbtjh cksMZ dsa vfHkos'ku dh fjiksVZ] vkfn fofHkUu fo"k; izLrku fjiksVZ vkfnA

lekt %

[kkuiku] fookg] mez es 'kknh] cky fookg vkfn lkekftd lq/kkj gsrq fofHkUu cuk;sa ,DV miyC/k gSA fjiksVZ vkUk nW lSVyesaUV ,.M fjDyesa'ku vkWQ n fdzfeuy Vkbo vkQ n tks/kiwj LVsV 1906 ls 1940 dh fjiksVZ Hkh egRoiq.kZ gSA

fof/k ,DV %

lHkh izdkj ds fu;e dkuwu]flfoy ,ao QkStnkjh dsl ,ao tk;nkn]f'kdkj]fookg]ukVd rek'ks] jftLVªh]isU'ku] vkfn ds vfrfjDr ,uvy MkbtsLV] vkay bf.M;k fjiksVZ] LysDV bXyhl dsl] bUlkbDyks ihfM;k vkQ bf.M;u dsl ykW]vky bf.M;k yk MkbtsLV]vtesj esjokMk ykW tjuy]nW fdzeuy ykW fjO;w vkfn miyC/k gSaA

Hkwxksy %

tkiku] :l] ynau] eSlwj] jkeiqj] df'ej] Xokfy;j] fnYyh] jryke] f'keyk] t;iqj] vkesj] tks/kiqj] Hkjriqj] vyoj]] fljksgh] ekm.V vkcw dh lu 1947 ls iwoZ dh i;ZVu funsZf'kdk, miyC/k gSaA

xtsfV;lZ %

bl fo"k; esa fofHkUu izdkj ds xtsfV;lZ esa vlZfdu ds jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j] esokM fljksgh] oSLVuZ jktiqtrkuk LVsV ,tsUlh ,.M chdkusj ,tsUlh ¼tSlyesj]tks/kiwj]fljksgh½ vtesj esjokMk bEehfj;y xtsfV;lZ vkQ bf.M;k 1908 ds  26 [k.M] nsokl LVsV 1907] jryke 1908 bEfifj;y xtsfV;j esa bLVZu jktiwrkuk LVsV ,tsUlh 1906] gkMkSfr ,.M Vksad ,tsUlh] t;iqj jftMUlh] vyoj LVsV dk xtsfV;j miyC/k gSA blds vfrfjDr cjksdesu dk 1905 esa izdkf'kr xtsfV;j vkQ n blVZu jktiqrkuk LVsV] lVªy  bf.M;k ,tsUlh] ckjokuh LVsV xtsfV;j] xtsfV;j vkQ n cMkSnk] bfEifj;y esa cjek] bZLV cxkay] cEcbZ] cjkj] gSnjkckn] iatkc] enzkl eSlwj] lsaVªy&izksfoUl] ;qukbVsM&izksfoUl] v.Mckj fudksckj] cMkSnk] vQxkfuLrku] usiky] ukFkZ osLV izksfoUl] df'ej ,.M tEew] cyqfpLrku] lsaVªy bf.M;k] ikoysV dk chdkusj LVsV xtsfV;j ,oa jktLFkku fMfLVªDV xtsfV;lZ dh fljht miyC/k gSA

if=dk,a %

fj;klrdkyhu if=dkvksa ds vfrfjDr bl foHkkx esa tks if=dk,a eaxokbZ tkrh gSa os bfrgkl] dyk ,oa laLd`fr ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds mi;ksx gsrq gh eaxokbZ tkrh gSa ftuesa 'kks/k if=dk]  ijEijk] ojnk] e:Hkkjrh] fo'oEHkjk] [;kr ,oa vaxzsth esa 'kks/kd gSA iwoZ ds jktLFkku Hkjrh jktLFkku bULVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy fjO;w ds vad Hkh miyC/k gSaA le;&le; ij gqbZ jktLFkku fgLVªh dkaxzsl ds izfrosnu Hkh miyC/k gSA 1 ,fl;kfVdfjO;q 1938&41 2 bf.M;u VSB tujy  1947 3 bf.m;u tjuy vkQ ,fxdYpj lkbZl 1937&47 4 bf.M;u tujy vkQW lksfl;y odZ 1941&1946 5 bf.M;u tujy oSjuVh lkbZl ,.M glcS.jh 1943&45 6 tjuy lkbVhfQd ,.M bUMLVh;y fjlpZ 1943 ls 1946 7  bf.M;u tujy ,T;qds'ku 1938 ls 1945 8 n  QSMjy yk tujy 1944&1947 9 QSMjy vkQ bf.M;k 1937&44 10 bfM;u QkfeZx 11 bf.M;u tujy vkQ ,xzhdYpj lkbZl 1936&47 12 ek/kqjh 13 ljLorh ds iqjkus vda 14 tujy vkQ bf.M;u fgLVh ukxjh izpkj.kh if+=dk 'kks/k if=dk 1959 ls yxkrkj tkjh gSaA blds vfrfjDr gwt gwW ,.M bZ;j cqd]lkfgR;]:y; ,.M jSX;wys'ku vkfn dk laxzg miyC/k gSaA                             

MESUREMENT FOR ALL & Rearch

यह एक व्यग्य रचना है।
 िजसे हमन
 अभद्र प्रशासिनक शब्दकोश
 नाम िदया है

CHOR RI MAA

<y?kqdFkk ¼O;ax½

                 pksj jh ekWa

                                        lqjsUnz dqekj jktiqjksfgr

 pksj jh ek¡ ?kM+S jS ek; ew.MkS ?kky jksoS A vk dgkor vc twuh gks;xhA vc rks ?kM+S esa ew.MkS ?kky*j cS jksoS tdk Bxht xkA Bxht.k lk# cktkj tk.kkS t#jh dksuhA vki.kS   nSl esa fur uwok Hkz’Vkpkj jk ikB gksoSA uSrk&vQlj] Bxkjk vj pkSj] fur uwoka <kSsx djS vj HkkSGh HkkGh turk jk fjfi;k jS pwukS yxkosA vkajh dksbZ tkr dksuh gqoSA vcS rks pkSj jh ekWa uhr uqok eafnj tkoS] ihiG iwtSA cki pkSrsGS ekFkS cSBîkS ipka;rh djS A lXkGk feu[k gkFk ckU/îkSM+k gktjh esa mHkk jsoSA dq.k ekbZ jks yky ckuS pkSj jh ekWa  dS; ldSA cks tekukS x;kS tn dkB jh gkaMh vsd ckj gh p<rh] vc rkS dkp jk Hkk.Mk pwY;ka p<+koS] D;ksa dS yksx le> vkGk ?k.kk gksX;kA

  iSyk vkSykn pks[kkS dke djrh tn ekbZrka jks uke gksaorkS vj Åa/kk dke djrk t.kS dsork dS dkGkS ew.MkS gksX;kSA i.k vc rkS dqyM+h esa xqM+ QksM+kSA yk;d dn ukyk;d c.k tkoS Bk ugha iM+SA Åa/kk dke dj·vkS t.kS ekbZrk jkS uke pe·dhA ukd dnSbZ dVS ugha ]ukd rks c<+S gSA dgkor gS dS udVk jS FkkjkS ukd dV~;kS dS vkSj c<+~;kS A b.k  lk# ?k.kkS lksp dj.k jh t#jr dksuhA gFkkbZ ekFkS vsM+k ekbZrka uS  vknj lrdkj o/kkjkS nsoSA vkt jh csGk ekbZrka uS vkSyknka lwa >wB ckSy.k esa vkxS jso.kkS pkbZtSA tekukS dks>S <+kGS fcxM+xkS  b.k ckr lwa MjuS jh t#jr dksuhA nkSuwa gkFkka eka; ykMw jk[kkS] t.kS ikj iM+lhA dns] fdlksM+kS dWoj ?kj lwa dk<+ nSoS b.k jkS psrkS jk[kkSA  ,d ckj fpjeh uS ?ke.M gks;xkS dS Hkxoku vk[krkS gks;ksMkS m.kjkS  dkGkS ew.MkS djk;kSA vkt jk Vkcj fpjeh uS  ds vksG[kS ] ns[kh gh dksuh A vkijh ekaoka uS ns[kkSA nknh&nknk uS rks gkGh& fnokGh fofM;kS dkUQzsl djSk uhrj iNS nknh&nknk uS lkeh ixka /kksd yxoko.k tk.kkS iM+S rks lje fd.k ckr jhA vkika jk dkaVk vkik.kS*bZ pqHklhA NhaV vj fNukG nwj ls ?k.kh QwVjh ykxSA i.k fNukG nwtk jkS rks dkabZ djS vkijkS ?kj vj MkSG iSyk dkGkS djSA vkijk djîksM+k vkiuS bZ Hkksx.kk iMS+A

  jkM+ dS flj ix dksuh gksoSA jksM+rak& jksM+rak bZ mQ.klh] tdk jkS rks dksbZ miko gh dks·uhA ch;ka myVks fnu cw> vj dksuh vkoSA [kkjk  cksY;ksM+k vj ehBk [kk;kSM+k Hkwys dksuh] i.k uxVka jS fdlkS ukd gksoSA xksGh dks ?kko Hkj tkos] i.k cksyh jks dksuh HkjSA b.k okLrS tdk xqM+ fn;ka ejS fc.kuS tSgj uha nso.kkSA v.kwrk Kkuh vkijS djeka lwa vkisbZ dje QkSM+s tdk uS dkabZ Kku nso.kkSA  Ms<+ gksfl;kj c.k vj lkaika uS nw/k ikokS vj liksfG;k jS fcpkGS  cSB*j gFkkbZ djkSA

    jkoGS theks vj de [kk;ka jks lksp jk[kksA vj nks VSe xkck cnGks tdks dq.k tk.kS dkGtks Hkfj;ksM+ks gS dS [kkyhA vsM+ka jh fx.krh <ka<+ka esa gksoS rkS gkso.k nkSA vksyknka jS vkxS /kjrjk’Vª c.kuS esa Qk;nksA ,d t.kS jS <ka<+ka vj feu[kka jk Bk.k ,d flj[kk A Bk.k ÅapkW&ÅapkW A [kkoS ftdka jk daB ekSlhts] fcpkGS NkSM*j tk.kkS iM+S ] nqckjk tk.kS jkS uke b.k tue esa ikNkS uh ysoSA ,SM+k dkatjk jh dqŸkh dBS tkorh C;koS A vk ckr rkS yi&yi djf.k;k tk.kSA tsoM+h cGT;k] i.k cG dksuh tkosA b.k oklrS tsoM+h cf.k;kSM+k jsokSA HkGS cikSrh ekFkS  rkd jk[kkS A ekbZrka jh lsok dj.kh t#jh dkSuhA  yqxkbZ vj Vkcjka rkabZa thokS A ekbZr  VqdM+ks xsjs tn rkabZa rks iwaN fgykokS furj vsM+k Mkapk HkjkS  dS xaMdk uS bZ ykjS NksM+ nsokSAA iSyk jS ekbZrka jS nkS ckj vkalwa vkaork ,d rks csVh ijkbZ gkSorh tn vj nwth ckj tn csVkS ekbZrka lwa ewaMkS QsjrkSA i.k vc <kGkS ,dne myVkS jk[kkSA vkijS vSoM+ uS [kqYykS pj.k uS NksM+ nkSA lkeyS jkS yhykS ew.MkS vj jkrk ixA  fxjgs tk.kS*j Mkdksr  vki.kS rks #iyh iYyS ckaf/kÓkSM+h jk[kkSA feu[k fjfi;k lwa vkSGf[ktSA [kkunku uS dw.k vkSG[kSA peM+h tkoS rks tko.k nkS neM+h uh tk.kh pkbZtSA xSyk cf.k;ksM+k jsgoksA fjfi;k gks;ka bZ rks yksxM+k vksyS&nksyS fQjs*bA xqM+ gksoS tBS eka[;ka fHk.kdS ghtA b.k lk# eu eka; prj fpdyh uhGh desM+h c.k;ksM+k jSoksA fjfi;s jh tM+ dkGtS esa gksoS i.k ejS tn dkGtkS lkxS tkoSA

   dGtqx esa >wB QGkiSA lksxuka [kkaqo.k uS gwoSA b.k okLrS] djS dksbZ HkjS dksbZA vkika gka ftlh gh nqfu;k uS ns[kkSA lS nw/k jk /kkS;ksM+k gSA nks eawMka jh cksxh c.k*j jSokSA dSokS dBbZ tkokS dBbZA >wB cksG.k esa lje [kwaVh ekFkS jk[k.khA vkijh bTtr f[kaMko.k jh iwjh dksfll djkSA dksbZ ekbZ jks yky ukd lkeh dkSuh ns[kSA ns[kS rks #eky yxk;ksM+ks jk[kksA dGtqx esa rks iki djS tdk /kki*j [kkoS A vkt jS VSe rks /kje djS tdk jk dje QwVSA lsok lfefr [kksykS vj pwjek thekSA ,d HkkbZ BxhtS rks vGxkS gks tkoS A nwtkSM+k fdlk ejxk A xqM+ fn;ksM+kS jk[kkS vj rkd jk[k*j nwtsM+S jh vk[;k esa dktG ?kkykSA

<<

      iqLrdky;k/;{k]jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]chdkusj

JAGRAM JI SMARK IN JUNA-GARDH (BIKANER)

JAGRAM JI SMARK IN JUNAGARDH FORT IN BIKANER

'kks/k i=

txjketh dh N=h

&lqjsUnz dqekj jktiqjksfgr

chdkusj ij vf/kdkj djus ds fy, tks/kiqj ds egkjkt vHk;flag us nks ckj vkØe.k fd;k FkkA igys ;q) dh vlQyrk tks/kiqj ds egkjktk ds ân; esa dkaVk cu pqdk FkkA foØe laor~ 1797 ¼bZ-lu~ 1740½ esa tks/kiqj egkjktk us chdkusj ds fonzksgh Bkdqj ykyflag ¼Hkknzk½] Bkdqj laxzkeflag ¼pw:½] rFkk Bkdqj Hkheflag ¼egktu½ ds lkFk iqu% chdkusj ij p<+kbZ dj nhA loZizFke ns'kuksd igaqp dj ek¡ dj.kh th ds n'kZu fd, vkSj chdkusj uxj esa izos'k dj uxjokfl;ksa dks ywVkA¹ uxj dh ywV dk lekpkj lqudj chdkusj dqaoj xtflag dkQh lkfFk;ksa dks ysdj tks/kiqj lsuk o fojksf/k;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vk, ijUrq egkjktk tksjkojflag us mUgsa x<+ ds Hkhrj cqyk fy;kA tks/kiqj dh lsuk y{ehukjk;.k th ds efUnj ds ikl iqjkus fdys ij] ,d lsuk vuwilkxj] nwljk ekspkZ mlh dqa, dh iwohZ <+ky ij] rhljk ekspkZ nxY;k ¼naxyh lk/kqvksa ds v[kkM+s dk LFkku½ rFkk nwljh rjQ ihiy ds o`{kksa ds uhps rksisa] iSny flikgh vkfn FksA lwjlkxj iw.kZ :i ls vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa Fkk ,oa fxUuk.kh rkykc ij Hkh fonzksfg;ksa dk vf/kdkj FkkA²

x<+ ds Hkhrj lsuk egkjktk tksjkojflag dh j{kkFkZ mifLFkr FkhA m/kj rksiksa ds xksyksa dh yxkrkj ekj ls x<+ dk cgqr uqdlku gks jgk FkkA eq[;r% ,d 'kaHkqck.k uke dh rksi rks {k.k&izfr{k.k ij viuh fodjkyrk dk ifjp; ns jgh FkhA jktdqekj xtflag us 'kaHkqck.k ds fo:) ekspkZ fy;k vkSj vius cUnwdfp;ksa dks ml rksi dks /oLr djus dk vkns'k fn;kA³ D;ksafd tks/kiqj dh rjQ ls 8 lsj Hkkj dk ,d xksyk dj.k egy ds vkxs ds [kEHkksa esa ls ,d [kEHks ij vkdj Vdjk;kA ,d xksyk lwjtiksy ds daxkjksa ij fxjk ftlls 8&10 lSfud ekjs x;sA tc jktdqekj xtflag lw;Z dks vdZ ns jgs Fks] rc ,d xksyk muds egy ij vkdj fxjkA nhokj dh bZaVsa jktdqekj ij vk iM+hA⁴ egrk vkuUney tks fd egkjktk tksjkoflag ds eqlkfgc FksA iqjksfgr txjke th vkSj muesa dqN [kViV FkhA ,d fnu txjke th dh rjQ b'kkjk djrs gq, cksys & ^^dHkh le; vkus ij nks gkFk fn[kkÅaxk vc ekSdk gS] fn[kkvksa viuh djkekrA** iqjksfgr th us bu O;aX; Hkjs 'kCnksa dh xkaB cka/k yh vkSj dqN dj fn[kkus dh eu gh eu izfrKk dhA⁵

      tks/kiqj dh QkStsa ?ksjk Mkys gq, FkhaA 'kaHkqck.k rksi {k.k&{k.k fdys ij Hkh"k.k xksykckjh dj jgh Fkh] dqN lSfud gksyh dk vkuUn ys jgs FksA iqjksfgr th us egkjktk ls xqIr ea=.kk ds i'pkr~ vius dqN fo'oklh lokjksa dks lkFk ys 'kke dks 'kksj djrs gq, ,d lkFk mu ij VwV iM+sA igys gh geysa esa 'kaHkqck.k rksi ij vf/kdkj dj mldk eqag tks/kiqj dh lsukvksa dh vksj dj fn;kA bl vizR;kf'kr geys ls tks/kiqj dh lsukvksa esa cM+h Hk;kud vO;oLFkk QSy x;hA mlh {k.k tks/kiqj egkjktk dks [kcj feyh fd tks/kiqj ij t;iqj ds egkjktk t;flag us vkØe.k dj fn;k vr% tks/kiqj QkSt Hkkx [kM+h gqbZ vkSj ukxkSj igqap dj jkgr dh lkal yhA bl volj ij ykSVrh gqbZ tks/kiqj dh lsuk dks chdkusj dh QkSt us cqjh rjg ywVkA⁶

iqjksfgr th us Hkh lkgl fn[kkdj tks muds dqN lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk >w> jgs Fks vkSj [kwc Hkxk;kA bl xqIr Nkikekj ;q) esa txjke th dk lkjk 'kjhj pksVksa ls Nyuh gks x;k FkkA ,d rhj lh/kk mudh ukfHk esa yxk] ij mUgskaus ,d >Vds ls mls ckgj fudky dj Qasd fn;k] ij ,slk djus ls muds isV dh vkarsa ckgj fudy vkbZa fQj Hkh ml ohj us dksbZ ijokg ugha dhA dej dl dj ”k=q lsuk ls tw>rs jgsa vkSj rc rd yM+rs jgsa tc rd ”k=q lsuk dks nwj [knsM+ ugha fn;kA tc dksbZ Hkh vkØe.kdkjh chdkusj lhek ds vkl&ikl ugha jgk rc os egkjktk tksjkoj flag dks thr dk lekpkj lqukus x<+ esa igqaps ijUrq fdys ds njokts cUn Fks] rks vkius fdys ds Bhd lkeus ls [kkbZ;ksa dks ?kksM+s lfgr dwn dj ikj fd;k vkSj thr ds lekpkj lquk,sa vkSj mlh {k.k bl ohj dh vkRek LoxZ dks iz;k.k dj xbZA egkjktk dks cgqr nq%[k gqvkA mUgksaus gqDe fn;k fd bl iq.;kRek ¼txjketh½* LokfeHkDr dk Lekjd ¼N=h½ tgka muds izk.k fudys] mlh LFkku ij cukbZ tk,A fdUrq ckn esa gh ;g fu.kZ; gqvk fd ;g Lekjd ,sls LFkku ij cuk;k tk;s tgka ls egkjktk izfrfnu vius egy ls gh n'kZu dj ldsA ;g Lekjd uox`g cqtZ twukx<+ esa fLFkr gSA Lekjd esa izfrf"Br f'kykys[k ds vuqlkj gjukFk flag iqjksfgr ds iq= txjke th dk LoxZokl lEor~ 1797 vk"kk<+ 'kqDyk ,de ds fnu gqvkA txjke th ds ohjxfr izkIr djus ij xkao jklhlj muds iq= nsodj.k th dks fn;k x;kA<sup>7</sup> bfrgkldkjksa us bls psfjVscy xzkUV nsdj n'kkZ;k gS tcfd okLrfodrk ;g gS fd jktiqjksfgrksa dks tks xkao ;k tehu nh tkrh Fkh] ml ij VSDl ugha nsuk iM+rk FkkA ijokuk cgh vius vki esa lk{; gSA [;kr ns'k niZ.k esa Hkh jktiqjksfgrksa ds ;q) dkS'ky ls izlUu gksdj jktkvksa us mUgsa tehusa] rkthe esa o`f) dh gSA⁸ jkBkSM+ksa dh rjg gh jktiqjksfgrksa dks tkxhjs izkIr FkhaA rFkk le;&le; ij mudh rkthe esa Hkh o`f) dh tkrh FkhaA budk jkT;ksa ds bfrgkl esa cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA ;s yksx jkT; ds LrEHk Fks] bUgsa Hkh fofHkUu lqfo/kk,a vkSj vf/kdkj izkIr FksA⁹

      txjke th dk tUe chdkusj ds ikl xkao nslylj esa lEor~ 1775 esa gqvk FkkA firk gjukFkflag cM+s cgknqj O;fDr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vPNs ?kqM+lokj FksA bl dkj.k vPNs ?kksMs+ j[kus esa mudh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA ,d ckj ckn'kkg us mUgsa ?kksM+s ij lokjh djrs gq, ns[kk rks ckn'kkg dks mudk ?kksM+k ilUn vk x;kA gjukFkflag us rRdky ?kksM+k ckn'kkg dks utj dj fn;k vkSj mldh ,sot esa ckn'kkg us gjukFk th dks nslylj xkao vkSj vius iz/kku lykgdkjksa esa fu;qDr dj QkSt esa cM+k vksgnk fn;kA vius firk ds in fpUgksa ij pyus ds dkj.k txjke th chdkusj fj;klr ds lsukifr jgsA bl ohj us ek= 22 o"kZ dh ;qokoLFkk esa gh ,slk j.kdkS'ky fn[kk;k tks bfrgkl ds iUuksa esa vafdr gksdj vfeV gh ugha cuk cfYd R;kx vkSj cfynku dh ;kn nqxZ esa vc Hkh ekStwn gSA chdkusj dk >aMk Åapk j[kus esa vusd ohj viuk j.kdkS'ky fn[kkdj 'kghn gq, ysfdu nqxZ esa Lekjd dsoy blh ohj ¼txjketh½ dk fufeZr gqvk vU; dk ughaA bl Lekjd vkSj muds j.kdkS'ky ij jktiqjksfgr lekt dks vkt Hkh ukt gSA txjke th dh ,d N=h nslylj xkao esa Hkh izfrf"Br gSA

lanZHk %&

1-          jsÅ] fo”os”ojukFk&ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] izFke Hkkx] xoeZsUV izsl] tks/kiqj] 1938 & ist ua- 351

2-         vks>k] xkSjh”kadj ghjkpUn&chdkusj dk jkT; dk bfrgkl]  Hkkx izFke] oSfnd ;a=ky;] vtesj] 1930 & ist ua- 312

 vks>k] xkSjh”kadj ghjkpUn&tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx f}rh;] oSfnd ;a=ky;] vtesj] 1997  & ist ua- 650&653

3-         vks>k] xkSjh”kadj ghjkpUn chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx izFke] oSfnd ;a=ky;] vtesj] 1930     & ist ua- 313

4-          jktoh] vejflag&feMk;oy fgLVªh vkWQ jktLFkku] jkuh cktkj chdkusj] 1991 &] ist ua- 375

5-         iqjksfgr cU/kq ekfld if=dk & jes'k

6-         xtsfV;j vkWQ nh chdkusj LVsV& ikmysV ist ua- 50&51

dfojkt “;keynkl d`r] ohj fouksn] Hkkx & 2] mn;iqj] 1886  ist ua- 502&03

n;kynkl dh [;kr Hkkx& II ist ua- 64&66

vks>k] xkSjh”kadj ghjkpUn tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx& II] vks>k] ist ua- 654

feMk;oy fgLVªh vkWQ jktLFkku ds ist ua- 375 ij txUukFk iq= gjukFk iqjksfgr fy[kk gSA

7-         ijokuk cgh ua- 4] ist ua- 192

8-         fl<+k;p n;kynkld`r] [;kr ns'k niZ.k ist ua- 141

9-         vlZfdu] ds-Mh- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j] foUVst cqDl] ubZ fnYyh 1992 & ist ua- 323

iqLrdky;k/;{k

jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj

9413684554